tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8476730948997602262024-03-08T11:19:29.866-08:00Legal RescueEssayisthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14309570131788280193noreply@blogger.comBlogger4125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-847673094899760226.post-84480751222535847952015-01-27T13:09:00.000-08:002015-01-27T13:18:03.642-08:00The Significance Of Renvoi To Private International Law Particularly As Regards Partial And Total Renvoi<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<strong>Conflict of Law Group 4</strong><br />
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">By: Olorunfemi Eyitayo Temilolu, Oladapo Olayemi, Liman Ayodele Bilikis and Joseph Naomi Ojunugwa<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The law of every state includes the domestic of influential or <u>internal law</u> which applies to <u>local situation</u>, and a <u>body of law which is applicable in a situation involving a foreign element</u>. The latter is commonly referred to as the <u>conflict of law rules</u>, where a foreign state is the place of domicile or the place where the contract was made or <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">lex situs</i> of the property. The conflict of laws rule of the forum may refer the “law” of the foreign state or its conflict of law rules. If it refers to its conflict of law rules then the court of the forum has accepted what is known as the doctrine of Renvoi</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">.</span><br />
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Definition of Renvoi<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Renvoi is the <u>legal doctrine</u> that applies when there is a conflict of laws in a particular court case. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">The term renvoi is gotten from the French and literally means to <u>“send back or return unopened”</u> where the significant elements in the case are divided between two countries e.g. France and England, <u>such a case is the case of conflict of law for any court litigating</u>. For example, when a British citizen living in France dies intestate the problem of renvoi arises whenever the rule of the conflicts of law of France refers to the law of foreign country, but the conflict rule of the law of the foreign country would have referred the question to the “law” of the first country or the law of some 3<sup>rd</sup> country. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Where a matter before a court has an international element, the court will initially apply Private international law rules of the jurisdiction it is located to decide which law applies. If A’s law is the applicable law, the court will apply A’s domestic law. However, if the applicable law is that of another jurisdiction (B) the court must decide whether to apply B’s domestic law or B’s including B’s own PIL rules. If the court decides on B’s Private international Law rules, and B’s Private International Law rules refer back to the law of A or refers to a 3<sup>rd</sup> jurisdiction this reference is called Renvoi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">The doctrine Renvoi was given initial impetus in the Forgo V. Administration de domain which was decided by the French cour de cassation. It regards the estate of a Bavarian national who had settled in France acquiring a legal domicile there and then died intestate in france leaving moveable properties there. The French court referred the question of the distribution of his intestate estate to Bavarian Law. It was found that under the Bavarian law of succession to moveable property (intestate state) was governed by the law of the place (lex Situs). The French accepted this remission to its law and applied the French internal law.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>In the case of Estate of fuld, decd (NO 3) v. Hartley 1966 WLR 71. The judge found that the deceased domiciled in Germany and accordingly referred the matter to German law whose conflict rule referred this to the law of nationality that is Ontario Canada. The will was formerly valid under the Ontario domestic or internal law but not under German internal law. However, the judge for the transmission to the law of Ontario including its conflict rules. Fortunately, German law accepted backward reference and therefore German conflicts rules becomes inoperative in the end, the judge pronounced against the will.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<u><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">SIGNIFICANCE OF RENVOI<o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Suppose an English forum is faced with a question about the capacity to marry of a French national who is domiciled in Italy. It would refer to the Italian domiciliary law. An Italian court, dealing with the same case, would refer to the French national law. If Italian law and French law happen to differ on the particular capacity in dispute, the results would be different. Should it just be accepted as a fact of legal life that the result of a case will depend on<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">the place of litigation and leave lawyers to take it on board when advising their clients – just an international dimension to a fact already known? In addition, suppose an English court has to consider the case of X, an Englishman, who dies domiciled in Arcadia, and a question arises as to the beneficial distribution of his movable property.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">1.</span><span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><u><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Partial or single, imperfect, receptive or continental renvoi</span></u><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">: <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The doctrine of partial <i>renvoi </i>involves a reference to the conflicts rules of the chosen system, which results in either transmission to another legal system or remission to the forum’s law. So that, if we refer to the example concerning Arcadia, then the meaning of the law of Arcadia is the law of Arcadia, including its conflict rules but minus its conflict rules applying <i>renvoi</i>, if such exist. So, in relation to the case of the intestate dying domiciled in Arcadia, if the relevant Arcadian conflicts rule referred to English law as the law of the nationality, then, if the English court ‘accepts’ the remission and decides the case in accordance with English law, this would be an example of single or partial renvoi. Thus in Casdagli V. Casdagli, held that “we are ready to apply the law of nationality closer to remit the, matter to us, we would apply the same law as would be applied to our subject. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Single renvoi has however being expressly repudiated by English court in Re askew (1930) 2ch 259. The operation of single <i>renvoi </i>can involve the reference of the issue to a third system (that is, transmission). This was the case in the original example of the Italian domiciled French national where Italian conflict law would refer to the <i>lex patriae </i>– French law. This is an example of transmission. Now, an English court could go along with this if it wished, though the consequences of doing so, while it would produce consistency between the decision of the English court and the Italian court in this case, would not produce any overall consistency, as we would just be substituting one system of conflict law for should.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">2.</span><span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><u><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Total or double Renvoi or foreign court doctrine:</span></u><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In this scenario the forum court considers that it is sitting as the foreign court and would decide the matter as the foreign court would. It involves not just account of the conflict rules of the lex causae but also its renvoi doctrine. Presently only English court’s uses this approach. Thus in the above scenario total renvoi would do the following: <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A)<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">The English court would determine the lex causae. Thus in<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>the above example the English court would refer his marital capacity Italian law his lex domicili <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B)<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">The English court then applies court then applies the conflict rules of the lex causae. If the above scenario, it would find that an Italian court could refer back to English law as lex patriae<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C)<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">As English law of conflict also refers to Italian law, to avoid toing and froing the English court would look to Italian law to see whether they would accept renvoi. If they would, the English court would accept English domestic law. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It was first recognized in English court in Re Annesly per russle J. (1926)1CH 692 An English woman left a will according to English law she died domiciled in france but according to French law, she had not acquired a French domicile because of failure to comply with reg formalities. The testamentary dispositons were valid in English law but invalid by French law because she had failed to leave 2/3<sup>rd</sup> of her property to her children. It was that French law would apply because<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a)<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">The domicile of the deceased would be determined by English law, the deceased was domiciled in france <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b)<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">But French law would refer to the UK patriae<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c)<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">The rules of English private international law would refer to French law. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d)<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">The French legal system accepts the doctrine of single revoi thus the French judge would have accepted the remission. thus the<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>English court should decide as the French court would.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Another example is the case of Re Ross(1930) 1 CH 376 Lukmore J. where an English woman died domicile in Italy leaving the will of moveable property in English and Italy immovable property in Italy. By English law succession is governed by Italian law as lex domicilii the will was partly invalid by Italian law. The Italian choice of law under being founded on nationality would have referred to English law. Luxmore J, concluded that the Italian court would reject renvoi and simply apply English law. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In Nelson V. Over sea projects corporation of Victoria ltd. The high court of Australia law of the 3 possible solution (single, rejecting the renvoi & double renvoi) he majority adopted the double renvoi approach without committing itself to do same in similar cases. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In Collier v. Rivaz: A person named Ryan, a British citizen died domiciled in Belgium. He left certain testamentary papers executed in accordance with the requirement of Belgian local law. The court of England decided to decide the matter as if it were sited in Belgium. The judge sir I.T Jenner, <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>on proof that by Belgium law the validity of will made by foreigners not legally domicile in Belgium was governed by the law of their own country. He stated that “the court sitting here to determine it must consider itself sitting in Belgium under the particular circumstance of this case. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>SCOPE OF THE DOCTRINE.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">It is somewhat instructive to observe that the English doctrine of renvoi has hitherto been restricted in its practical application, to questions of formal and intrinsic validity of will, to issues of intestate successions to movables and (as often claimed) to questions of recognition of foreign divorce decrees. According to Cheshire, in the countless cases dealing with such matter, as contracts, insurance, sales of movable gifts inter vivo or mortis causae, mortgages, negotiable instruments, partnership, dissolution of foreign Company and so on, the English courts.<i> Renvoi </i>has been employed in cases<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">concerning the formal validity of wills, when referred to the law of a foreign country, have always applied the internal law of that country as in Collier v. Rivaz. The doctrine of renvoi has been used to legitimate an adulterine child, which would not have been possible under English law at the time. In the sphere of family law, there is some authority for the view that <i>renvoi </i>applies to formal validity of marriage and it has, in the past, been employed in questions of capacity to marry, although subsequent changes make this a precedent of limited value. The doctrine of <i>renvoi </i>is not applied in the area of commercial law; a stipulation that a contract is to be governed by the law of Arcadia is normally taken as a reference to the internal law of Arcadia.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>ADVANTAGES OF THE DOCTRINE <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>RENVOI.<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Not surprisingly, the doctrine of renvoi has it advocates and opponents. Its advocates argue that by resorting to foreign choice of law rules, the court avoids a foreign internal law that has no connection with the propositus.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Secondly, it is argued that it promotes <u>the reasonable expectation of the parties</u>. It might be argued that this was the case in Re Annesly. However was not the case in Re O’Keefe. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Thirdly, it is argued that renvoi produces a degree of <u>uniformity of the decision</u>, terms of the governing law at least, in cases where English choice of law rules put the premium in this, that is, where the lex situs is applied on the basis of effectiveness. Moreover, it is arguable that such degree of uniformity is not achieved by the single renvoi doctrine. Against this, it must be observed that, in a world in which different connecting factors are used, then such a degree of uniformity is probably unattainable. Moreover, it is arguable that such a degree of uniformity is not achieved by the single <i>renvoi </i>doctrine; if both country A and country B adopt connecting factors of domicile and nationality respectively and then both adopt the partial <i>renvoi </i>doctrine, then the result will differ according to where the case is litigated. In respect of the total <i>renvoi </i>technique, while, in principle, it should produce uniformity of decisions, it can, in practice, be applied only by one country because, if the <i>lex causae </i>were also to apply it, then there would be no way out of the revolving door. The experience since 1945 is that uniformity of decision making is more likely to be achieved by the implementing of internationally agreed conventions. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Advocates of doctrine of renvoi argue that the technique can be manipulated to avoid applying an inappropriate public policy rules. Indeed, in the earliest case of Colier v. Rivaz , its arguable that the learned judge was more concerned with the public policy of seeking uphold testamentary dispositions that to formulate any precise theory of Renvoi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in -2.3pt 10pt 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">DISADVANTAGES OF THE DOCTRINE OF RENOI<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in -2.3pt 10pt 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>It has been argued that the study of the cases indicate that English court concludes by subordinating its own choice of law rules to those of another country. Against this, however, it can be argued that this would not happen in those case where the foreign rule offende<a href="http://www.blogger.com/null" name="_GoBack"></a>d some particular rule of public policy.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in -2.3pt 10pt 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Secondly, its opponents argued that the application of the doctrine required to familiarise himself with <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in -2.3pt 10pt 53.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a)<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">the foreign internal law <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in -2.3pt 10pt 53.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b)<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">the relevant choice of law rules <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in -2.3pt 10pt 53.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c)<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">The policy, if any of the foreign law towards the doctrine law towards the of single renvoi. This limitation of the doctrine of <i>renvoi </i>is that it normally involves calling detailed expert evidence as to the state of foreign law; normally, parties will seek to avoid such a course.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in -2.3pt 10pt 53.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Thirdly, the opponents of renvoi argued that having regard to the fact that nationality is the connecting factor most connecting factor most commonly employed in the civil law world, the English courts out itself in a position of being unduly influenced by nationality when there is no concept of English nationality having regard to the states of U.K.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.55pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">CONCLUSION<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.55pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>As a purely practical it would seem that a court should not undertake the onerous task of trying to ascertain how a foreign court would decide the question, unless the situation is an exceptional one and the advantages of doing so clearly outweigh the disadvantages. In most situations, the balance of convenience surely lies in interpreting the reference to foreign law to mean its domestic rules. Although the doctrine of renvoi was favoured by Westlake and dicey, the great majority of writers, both English and foreign, are opposed to it. Lorenzen said: ‘notwithstanding the great authority of Westlake and dicey, it may reasonably be hoped that, when the doctrine with all its consequences is squarely presented to the higher English court, they will not hesitate to reject the decision of the courts that have lent colour to renvoi in English law”. There is no case which prevents the court of Appeal (still less the House of Lords) from reviewing the whole problem, and it is submitted that such a review is long overdue.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</div>
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</div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">REFERENCES.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.55pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">•<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Substance and procedure in multistate trot litigation: Mary Keyes<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.55pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">•<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Renvoi and presumption about foreign law: Martin Davies<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.55pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">•<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Evidence Act 2011 CAP E.14<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.55pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">•<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Themes on the conflicts of law: Prof I.O Agbede.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.55pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">•<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Conflicts of laws: John O’Brien. Second edition.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</div>
Essayisthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14309570131788280193noreply@blogger.com5tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-847673094899760226.post-63969805687820063082013-01-09T07:04:00.007-08:002013-01-09T07:04:42.732-08:00The Concept Of Characterisation And The Problems Associated With Qualification/Classification<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Conflict of Law Group 3<o:p></o:p></span></b><br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">By: Adesoye Ibukunoluwa, Bolomope Bashirat
Ifeoluwa, Sowunmi Temitope and Ogundoye Gbenga</span></b></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">INTRODUCTION<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Conflict
of laws otherwise known as Private International law is that part of municipal
law of the state which directs its courts and administrative agencies when
confronted with legal problems involving a foreign element to determine whether
or not to apply a foreign law or laws. It is mainly concerned with one or more
of the following questions;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1) Choice of jurisdiction<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2) Choice of law<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>3) Recognition and enforcement of foreign
judgment<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">The
problem of conflict of law though most of the time is often considered with how
to solve a case involving a foreign element, also has an internal scope.
Nowhere is this more apparent than in Nigeria.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Nigeria
practices a federal system of government with its separate federal and state
laws. The country also practices a dual system of court and there is
multiplicity of laws within the state. Therefore, internal conflicts of law are
inevitable.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>However in any conflict of law case, one
of the first things the court must do is to categorize the legal question under
a particular legal heading. This process called <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">characterization </b>(also known as classification by English writers
and qualification by French writers) presents a very knotty issue in conflicts
of law.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ASHIRU V BENSON & ANOR (1967) N.M.L.R pg
363</i>, </b>the plaintiff, dependant of a victim of an automobile accident
which occurred in Western Nigeria successfully brought an action under the
Federal Fatal Accident in Lagos High Court against the defendants. The defense
contended that an action could not lie under the Lagos statute where the injury
and death occurs in Western Nigeria. The action succeeded.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">The
court in this case notwithstanding the criminal ramifications of the matter in
question, characterized the matter as tort and subsequently laid down the
conflict rule that a foreign cause of action in tort has to fit into the
domestic category of tort.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">CHARACTERISATION AND
THE PROBLEMS ASOSCIATED WITH IT<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Characterization
refers to the allocation question raised by factual situation before the court
to its correct legal category and its object is to reveal the relevant rule or
rules for the choice of law. It deals with the process of assigning a factual
situation to a proper legal category. In those cases where a different result
would be achieved depending on which of several possibly relevant laws is
applied, characterization reveals the relevant rule for the choice of law. Thus
until the judge has ascertained the true basis, that is, characterize the
plaintiff’s claim he cannot make any pronouncement for he would not know the
rule or choice of law to be applied. This issue of characterization has been
regarded by many continental and some English and American writers as a problem
fundamental to the conflict of laws. It was discovered independently and almost
simultaneously by the German jurist Kahn and the French jurist Bartin at the
end of the 19<sup>th</sup> Century and was introduced to American lawyers by
Lorenzen in 1920 and to English lawyers by Beckett in 1934.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">In
majority of cases, it is obvious that the facts must be subsumed under a
particular legal category that a particular conflict rule is available and the
connecting factor indicated by that conflict is unambiguous. In fact, the
categorization may be so obvious as to be automatic. For example, a buyer’s
claim against the seller that the thing he bought does not work as it supposed
to, is so obviously a contractual issue that any court or lawyer <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dealing with it would not even advert to the
classification process before turning to the law of contract to seek the
solution. But if the malfunction causes injury or damage to the property, or if
the complainant is not the buyer of the product but the user of it, either the
initial characterization has to be amended in some way or the situation seen as
something else entirely –a tort perhaps or the subject of statutory action.
Thus, characterisation sometimes and most of the times is not obvious. Even if
the forum and the foreign country have the same conflict rule and interpret the
connecting factor in the same way, they may still reach different results
because they characterize the question in different ways. For instance, the
forum may regard the question as one of succession, while the foreign law may
regard the same question as one of matrimonial property.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">IN
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">OGDEN
VS OGDEN (1908) PN6</i></b>, a French man under the age of 21 marries an
English woman in England without obtaining the consent of his parent as
required by French law. The French and English conflict rules agree that the
formalities of marriage are governed by the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">LEX LOCI CELEBRATIONIS </b>(English Law) and also that the husband must
have capacity to marry by his personal law (FRENCH). But is the issue in the
case one of formalities (in which case the French rule will apply and the
marriage will be void for want of capacity)? Or is the French rule to be
characterized as one dealing with formalities (and so inapplicable) or with
capacity)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">A
classic problem of characterization came before the Appeal Court in Algiers in <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ANTON
VS BARTOLA (1891) Clunet 1171</i>. </b>The husband and wife were domiciled in Malta
at the time of their marriage. Subsequently, they settled in France and the
husband bought land there. On his death the wife claimed a life interest in the
French land. French and Maltese law had the same choice of law rules –
succession to immovables was governed by the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">LEX SITUS</b> while matrimonial property rights were matters for the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">LEX DOMICILI </b>at the time of marriage.
However, French Law classified the issue as one of succession whereas Maltese
law saw it as matrimonial property. In the event the court applied Maltese law.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">THE PROCESS OF
CHARACTERIZATION<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">The
court is required to analyze the pleadings prepared by the parties and to
assign each component element to the most appropriate judicial concept or
category. The rules of any given system of law are arranged under different
categories, addressing procedure, status, contract, tort, divorce, nullity, etc.
For each category, there is one or more choice of law rule(s). Hence, for
example all questions as to the status of a person before a court, viz an
infant or adult, legitimate, legitimated or illegitimate, married or not,
mentally incapacitated or not, bankrupt or not, etc. will all be governed by
the person’s personal law namely the law of nationality (THE LEX PATRIAE) or
habitual residence in a civil law state, or the law of domicile (THE LEX
DOMINILII) in a common law state.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Characterizing
laws as either procedural or substantive is necessary, but this part of the
process can be abused by the forum count to maximize the use of the local law.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">However,
the generality of the characterization process is no, and cannot be a wholly
scientific process. It is always a matter of interpretation. For example, if A
who is a national of Arcadia, dies having made a local will transferring land
situated in Mongolia to C who is domiciled in Bethpage, how is the issue to be
classified? One might say that any rights that C might have are vested by the
will that was made in Arcadia (i.e. THE LEX LOCI ACTUS). Equally, the right to
succeed to title might be an aspect of C’s status as the oldest surviving male
heir under Bethphagean law (THE LEX LOCI DOMICILLI).Or it may be a matter for
the law of Mongolia since all matters of title to land must be adjusted by the
LEX SITUS, as the law of the place where the land is situated. Thus, completely
different judgments might result depending on how the forum court characterizes
the action. To solve this dilemma SAVIGNY<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">
</b>(1779 – 1861) proposed that it was always necessary for the court to find
the ‘natural seat’ or ‘center of gravity’ for the case by identifying the
largest cluster of “connecting factors” to a particular legal system. If all
courts adopted such an international outlook, he reasoned, this would eliminate
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">forum shopping<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=847673094899760226#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[1]</span></b></span></span></span></a></b><sup>
</sup>by producing the same choice of law no matter where the case was begun. But
unfortunately the solution has not yielded the desired result. Forum shopping
remains a problem, and neither legislators nor judges have been able to agree
on characterization issues, producing classifications that extend rather than
reduce international divergences. In an attempt to avoid obvious unjust results
in particular cases, some judges therefore created a number of public policy
exceptions to justify decisions.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">PROBLEMS OF
CHARACTERIZATION<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">i.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The first problem is Renvoi<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=847673094899760226#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[2]</span></span></span></span></a>,
determining whether the question falls naturally within this or that judicial
category.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">ii.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The second problem is the interpretation of
what the connecting factor is. Connecting factor could be given different
meaning in different countries. Thus, what constitute a domicile in Nigeria may
not so constitute in for example, Italy.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">iii.
The third problem is characterization itself i.e. to identify the department of
law under which some particular legal question fall in order to determine the
rule of law to apply.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tab-stops: 233.9pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/null" name="_GoBack">The Nigerian law and a
foreign law holds diametrically opposed views upon the correct classification
of a particular legal issue. For example, the applicable law to movables left
by a deceased person could/or may relate to the question of administration of estates
in Nigeria while the foreign laws may relate it to succession.<o:p></o:p></a></span></div>
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<span style="mso-bookmark: _GoBack;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Although various compromise solutions have been advocated, the principal
contenders are characterization by the LEX FORI and LEX CAUSAE. Another, the analytical
jurisprudence and comparative law approach is also discussed.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
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<span style="mso-bookmark: _GoBack;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><u>CHARACTERIZATION BY THE LEX FORI (LAW OF THE FORUM</u>)<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tab-stops: 233.9pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bookmark: _GoBack;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Writers such as Khan and Bartin believed that such characterization
should be governed by the law of the forum. That is, where a judge is faced
with the situation, the judge should characterize the lex fori i.e. domestic
law and the lex (causae) and apply the lex fori that is nearest in equivalent
to the lex causae. Khan and Batin believe that characterization must be done in
terms of law and not in terms of issues. They assert that the forum should
characterize rules of foreign law in accordance with the nearest equivalent in
its own domestic law. In Ogden V Ogden (1909) P.46, the court characterized by
the lex fori The argument in favor of this view is that if foreign law were to
be applied, LEX FORI would lose control over the application of its own
conflict rules and will lose power.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="mso-bookmark: _GoBack;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>However, LEX FORI presents the following problems,<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: 233.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="mso-bookmark: _GoBack;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Arguing by analogy from a rule of
domestic law to that of foreign law can be equated to engaging in an
objectionable mechanical jurisprudence resulting in the forum seriously
distorting the foreign law and applying it in cases where it need not be
applied and vice-versa. In future it may result in a case where the law to be applied
is neither that of the forum, the foreign law nor that of any other country.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: 233.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="mso-bookmark: _GoBack;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">There is no solution for cases where
there is no close analogy to the foreign law or any institution in the domestic
law of the forum.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; tab-stops: 233.9pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bookmark: _GoBack;"><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">CHARACTERIZATION
BY THE LEX CAUSAE (LAW GOVERNING<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>THE QUESTION)<o:p></o:p></span></u></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; tab-stops: 233.9pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bookmark: _GoBack;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">This means that
where a judge is faced with a case, he should apply the foreign law which
governs the question. Writers such as WOLFF, DESPAGNET believe that
characterization must be governed by the appropriate foreign law (LEX CAUSAE).
WOLFF, a strong advocate of this school of thought is of the view that every
legal rule takes its characterization from the legal system to which it
belongs. In <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">RE-MALDONADS (1954),</i> the
English court of appeal was faced with the task of deciding whether the Spanish
government’s claim to the movables in England of a Spanish intestate who died
without a next of kin was a right of succession (in which the Spanish
government was entitled to the movable) or JUS REGALE (in which the English
crown was entitled). The court held that this question must be decided in
accordance with Spanish law with the result being that the Spanish government
was entitled.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; tab-stops: 233.9pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bookmark: _GoBack;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>However, this view presents the following
problem;<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: 233.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="mso-bookmark: _GoBack;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">It
is a circular argument to say that foreign law governs the process of
characterization<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>before the process of
characterization has led to the selection of foreign law<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: 233.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="mso-bookmark: _GoBack;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">In
cases where there are two applicable foreign laws, which one would be applied
and what would be the basis of the forum adopting the characterization of one
over the other.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.75in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 233.9pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bookmark: _GoBack;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><u>CHARACTERIZATION BY ANALYTICAL JURISPUDENCE<o:p></o:p></u></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.75in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 233.9pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bookmark: _GoBack;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Writers such as Rabd believe that
characterization should be governed by the rules of analytical jurisprudence
and comparative law. That is, the judge should use the scope of the law to
determine and compare the law of the countries involved and choose the one
which will dispense justice more fairly. The argument in favor of this approach
is that judicial technique in conflict cases must be more international and
less insular than in domestic cases.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.75in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 233.9pt 397.35pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bookmark: _GoBack;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>The arguments against this approach are as follow, <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: 233.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="mso-bookmark: _GoBack;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">There
are very few principles of analytical jurisprudence and comparative law that
are of universal application. As KAHN-FREUND rightly opined, international
agreement on analytical concept is a utopia.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: 233.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="mso-bookmark: _GoBack;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">While
the study of comparative law may reveal differences between domestic laws, it
is hardly capable of resolving them. For example, comparative law may reveal
that parental consent to marry may sometimes affect formalities or the capacity
to marry. But how does it determine how these matters may be characterized <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 1.25in; tab-stops: 233.9pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bookmark: _GoBack;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">However,
solving characterisation problems is not confined to the above approaches.
There are alternative approaches which have been put forth by various scholars.
These are discussed <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">in extensio</i>
below:<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.75in; tab-stops: 233.9pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bookmark: _GoBack;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u>AVOIDING
THE CHARACTERIZATION PROBLEMS BY IMPLEMENTING THE RULES OF RECOGNITION<o:p></o:p></u></b></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tab-stops: 233.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="mso-bookmark: _GoBack;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">The problem of
characterization can be solved by the legislator developing corresponding rules
on recognition of foreign acts or documents. An example is found in the
relevant succession law of Estonia which contains a general conflict rule on
succession, according to which the law of the state of the last residence of
the deceased generally applies to succession. Also, under this law a succession
certificate prepared in a foreign state is recognized in Estonia if the procedure
for the preparation and the legal effect thereof are comparable to the
provision of Estonia law concerning succession certificates. Thus, an
interesting solution can be achieved if the Nigerian legislature can adopt this
Estonian model at least in matters of succession. Though by this method, the
Nigerian court might be able to avoid recourse to the conflict rules, it is
still required to carry out a comparison between the Nigerian substantive law
and the relevant foreign law in other to evaluate whether a person is entitled
to inherit.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tab-stops: 233.9pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bookmark: _GoBack;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">However, the recourse to recognition and
enforcement of foreign acts or documents does not always solve the
characterization problem since often such recourse is not possible, if a
relevant document or judgment does not exist.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tab-stops: 233.9pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bookmark: _GoBack;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">EXCLUSION
OF THE FOREIGN LAW<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tab-stops: 233.9pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bookmark: _GoBack;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Because the early system of
connecting factors was mechanical and inflexible, the results could offend a
court’s sense of justice. For example, with the development of motor car, the
classification of the cause as tort required the application of the LEX LOCI
DELICTI COMMISSI rule. The French court’s insistence on this linkage frequently
barred or severely limited relief for French citizens injured in countries that
had no developed law for the compensation of such victims. In <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">BABCOCK
V JACKSON, 24ON.E 2D 279(NY1963</i></b>), the New York court of appeals
abandoned the LEX LOCI DELICTI rule completely. Most jurisdictions were not so
radical, preferring to retain the framework of categories and choice of law
rules but leave public policy as the avoidance device.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tab-stops: 233.9pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bookmark: _GoBack;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This means that states will not
apply “foreign” law that offends the deeply held principles of forum’s state
legal system. For instance, it would be considered improper to give enforcement
to a law that defined the status of a person as a slave or as in the possession
of another e.g. for the purpose of sexual exploitation.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tab-stops: 233.9pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bookmark: _GoBack;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>However, in cases involving alleged immorality or injustice, this rule
has been criticized as susceptible to abuse, for a court could characterize
almost any statute or rule as being offensive to the public policy of their
state.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
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<span style="mso-bookmark: _GoBack;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tab-stops: 233.9pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bookmark: _GoBack;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tab-stops: 233.9pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bookmark: _GoBack;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u>THE MODERN APPROACH<o:p></o:p></u></b></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tab-stops: 233.9pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bookmark: _GoBack;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Since the characterization system and the choice of law rule were
operating in an inflexible way, the solution has been to allow the growth of
judicial discretion within both sides of the system. Hence, most legal systems
have opted for the PROPER LAW APPROACH i.e. the identification and application
of the law that has the closest connection with the cause(s) of action. In
theory, this flexibility will preserve an international outlook and
multilateral approach by the courts and in jurisdictions that have adopted this
approach, the results are not unencouraging.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tab-stops: 233.9pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bookmark: _GoBack;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">CONCLUSION<o:p></o:p></b></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tab-stops: 233.9pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bookmark: _GoBack;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Asides LEX SITUS which determines
the characterization of property, there is hardly any consistent theory of
characterization. In <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">MACMILLAN INC V. BISHOPSGATE INVESTMENT
TRUST PLC (NO3) (1996) 1WLR 387</i></b>, a case which was characterized by the
LEX FORI, the dictum of AULD LJ is instructive;<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tab-stops: 233.9pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bookmark: _GoBack;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">“However classification of an issue and rule of law for this purpose
the <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>underlying principle of which is
to strive for comity between different legal systems, should not be constrained
by particular notions or distinctions of the domestic law of the LEX FORI or
that of the competing system of law, which may have no counterpart in other
system. Nor should the issue be defined too narrowly, so that it attracts a particular
rule under the LEX FORI which may not be applicable under the other system</i>.”<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tab-stops: 233.9pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bookmark: _GoBack;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>From the foregoing, this may look like a call for an international
application of the LEX FORI, but this may be applied to other concepts too.
Characterization should not be restricted but must be determined based on the
fact in issue.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tab-stops: 233.9pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bookmark: _GoBack;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tab-stops: 233.9pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bookmark: _GoBack;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="mso-bookmark: _GoBack;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="mso-bookmark: _GoBack;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
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<span style="mso-bookmark: _GoBack;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tab-stops: 233.9pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bookmark: _GoBack;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tab-stops: 233.9pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bookmark: _GoBack;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>REFERENCES<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: 233.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="mso-bookmark: _GoBack;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Themes on conflict of laws- I.O Agbede
(1989)<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: 233.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="mso-bookmark: _GoBack;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">The conflict of laws- Morris<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: 233.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="mso-bookmark: _GoBack;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">http://en.m.wikipedia.org<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
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<span style="mso-bookmark: _GoBack;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="mso-bookmark: _GoBack;"></span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tab-stops: 233.9pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div style="mso-element: footnote-list;">
<br clear="all" />
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<div id="ftn1" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tab-stops: 233.9pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=847673094899760226#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[1]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Calibri;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Is
the informal name given to the practice adopted by some litigants to have their
legal case heard in the court thought most likely to provide a favourable
judgment</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<o:p><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: x-small;"> </span></o:p></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn2" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tab-stops: 233.9pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=847673094899760226#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[2]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Calibri;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Literally
meaning in French “send back” or “to return unopened” applies whenever a forum
court is directed to consider the law of another state</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<o:p><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: x-small;"> </span></o:p></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
Essayisthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14309570131788280193noreply@blogger.com5tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-847673094899760226.post-4301238119558140482013-01-09T06:56:00.003-08:002013-01-09T06:58:01.724-08:00The Law of Domicile<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Conflict of Law Group 2<o:p></o:p></span></b><br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">INTRODUCTION</span></b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Conflict of laws (or
private international law or international private law as it is sometimes
known) is a set of procedural rule that determines which legal system and which
jurisdiction apply to a given dispute. The rules under conflict of laws apply
when a legal dispute has a “foreign” element such as a contract agreed to
parties in different countries.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>There are some certain concepts
which are important or are regarded as a determinative factor in the conflict
of laws. Such concepts include; domicile and nationality.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The developments of technology and
mobility from one state or another brought the emergence of problems. This is
because in the process of moving about, an individual has to determine which
law applies to him, his marriage, his business transactions, etc.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">The
development of passports came about in a bid to solve this problem. Passports
act as a connection to a legal jurisdiction, which people carry about wherever
they go.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">DOMICILE AND
NATIONALITY<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Domicile is the status
or attribution of being a permanent resident in a particular jurisdiction. A
person can remain domiciled in a jurisdiction even after they have left it, if they
have maintained sufficient links with that jurisdiction or have not displayed
an intention to leave permanently (that is to say, if that person has not yet
moved to a different state, or has not yet formed an intention to remain there
indefinitely). LORD CHELMFORD in WAICKER V HUME<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=847673094899760226#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[1]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>in defining domicile said,<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.5in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">“That
place is properly the domicile of a person in which he has voluntarily fixed
the habitation of himself and his family, not for a mere special or temporary
purpose but with a present intention of making it his permanent home...”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">The
concept of domicile is not uniform throughout the world. To civil lawyers in
Europe who do not apply common law, it means<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">
habitual residence. </i>While at common law it is regarded as equivalent to a
person’s permanent home<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Domicile
is what is termed in private international law as a “connecting factor” which
connects an individual with a system of law for the purposes of determining a
range of matters, principally related to his status or property. For example,
in the circumstances below, domicile is said to be a “connecting factor”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>.</b>Legal capacity to marry<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">.</b>Personal
capacity to make a will<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>.</span></b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Formal validity
of a will<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>.</span></b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Jurisdiction of
the court in proceedings for divorce<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Nationality
on the other hand is a relationship between an individual and a country (to
which a person owes his allegiance to). Nationality normally confers some
protection of the individual by the state and some obligations on the
individual towards the state. Where the state and country is federated into
separate legal systems the two (domicile and nationality) will be different.
But where the country is federated into separate legal systems the two will be
different. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">NATIONALITY AND
DOMICILE CONTRASTED<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Domicile
can be distinguished from nationality in that one can have a dual nationality
but not more than one domicile at a time as it was held in the case of ODIASE V
ODIASE<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=847673094899760226#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[2]</span></span></span></span></a>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Every person as well must have a domicile as
was seen in the case of UDNY V UDNY<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=847673094899760226#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[3]</span></span></span></span></a>.
Unlike nationality no person can be without a domicile even if stateless.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Nationality
represents a man’s political status, by virtue of which he owes allegiance to
some particular country; domicile indicates his civil status and it provides
the law by which his personal rights and obligations are determined.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Nationality depends, apart from
naturalisation, on the place of birth or on parentage; domicile is constituted
by residence in a particular country with the intention of residing there
permanently. It follows that a man may be a national of one country but
domiciled in another.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">TYPES OF DOMICILE</span></b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The rules for determining domicile
in common law jurisdictions are based on case law in origin. However, as time
went on, different jurisdictions altered some aspects of the common law rules
by statute, details of which may vary from one jurisdiction to another. The
common law rules have however survived in most jurisdictions and are outlined
below.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">DOMICILE
OF ORIGIN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Dicey states the
common law rule as thus;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 1in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">“Every person receives
at birth a domicile of origin,<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.5in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">a)
A legitimate child born during the lifetime of his father has his domicile of
origin in the jurisdiction in which his father was domiciled at the time of his
birth.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.5in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">b)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A legitimate child not born during the
lifetime of his father or an illegitimate child has his domicile of origin in
the jurisdiction in which his mother was domiciled at the time of his birth.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.5in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">c)
A foundling has his domicile of origin in the jurisdiction in which he was
found.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">A
domicile of origin is attributed by law to every person at birth. There is no
necessary connection between the place of birth and the domicile of origin.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">A
domicile of origin is more tenacious than a domicile of choice. It is more
difficult to prove that it has been abandoned. The point of domicile of origin
ensures that everyone has one domicile and only one domicile at all times. If a
person leaves the country of his domicile of origin, intending never to return
to it, he continues to be domiciled there until he acquires a domicile of
choice in another country. But if a person leaves the country of his domicile
of choice, intending to never return to it, he ceases to be domiciled in that
country unless and until he acquires a new domicile of choice, his domicile of
origin revives.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">The
domicile of origin acts as a fall-back; whenever there is no other domicile, it
comes to fill the gap.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">In
BELL V KENNEDY<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=847673094899760226#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[4]</span></span></span></span></a>,
per Lord Westbury- “The domicile of origin adheres until a new domicile is
acquired.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">DOMICILE
OF CHOICE<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Every independent person can acquire a domicile of
choice by the jurisdiction of residence and intention of permanent or
indefinite residence but not otherwise.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>According to the DOMICILE AND MATRIMONIAL PROCEEDINGS ACT, every person
in the world who is over the age of sixteen and is not mentally incapable is
able to acquire a domicile of choice by residing in one country with the
present intention of making it his permanent home. Thus there are two important
requirements, namely; <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">fact and</b> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">intention. </b>They are normally referred
to as <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">factum and animus. </b>Factum is
fact or residence, while animus is intention. A person can therefore abandon a
domicile of choice in a jurisdiction by ceasing to reside there (fact) and by
ceasing to reside there either permanently or indefinitely (intention). That is
to say leaving “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">animus non revertendi”</i><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Residence
for the purpose of domicile has a very wide meaning and its function is to a
great extent evidential in character thus, no particular length of residence is
required. But long residence in a country will a raise the inference that a
person intended to remain there and this may be so strong as to be impossible
to rebut. However, long period of absence does not necessarily destroy a
domicile of choice and may not do so even if there is indecision about a
possible return. Thus in RE LLOYDS EVANS<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=847673094899760226#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[5]</span></span></span></span></a>, a
Belgian domiciliary who had fled to England died before he had decided to
return to Belgium or emigrate to Australia. He was held to be domiciled in
Belgium.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">The
requirement of intent is more exacting and important in domicile. In WINANS V
ATTORNEY GENERAL<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=847673094899760226#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[6]</span></span></span></span></a>,
Winans had lived a remarkable life in the manner of the heroes of the Victorian
age. Born in Baltimore, he spent much of his life in Europe and lived in
England for the last 37 years of his life. He built railways in Russia and
helped that country against England in the Crimean war by making gunboats. He
had an obsession to develop his Baltimore property into a seaport, equip it
with ships of his own special design and capture the world’s carrying trade for
the United States at the same time putting an end to the Rule Brittanica. His
hatred of Britain eventually convinced the House of Lords that despite his long
residence there, he lacked the intention to acquire a domicile in England. A
similar decision was held in the case of RAMSAY V LIVERPOOL ROYAL INFIRMARY<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=847673094899760226#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[7]</span></span></span></span></a>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">However
it has been submitted that the two cases are extremely unsatisfactory as they
put too much emphasis on the desires, however unrealistic, of the person in
question rather than what he proposed to do.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">In
contrast to the case above, the case of WHITE V TENANT<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=847673094899760226#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[8]</span></span></span></span></a>,
where a family were moving house and this involved crossing a state line.
Having put their belongings in the new house the family returned to their old
state to spend the night with family as the new house was not yet ready to
inhabit. When the father died during the night the court decided that he died
domiciled in his new state not the old one.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Thus,
once it can be established that the intention to make the country of residence
the permanent home exists, the fact that the residence was not freely chosen and
could be ended by compulsory relation is irrelevant.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">DOMICILE
OF DEPENDENCE<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">This is also known as domicile by operation of law.
This type of domicile concerns dependent persons. The domicile of a dependent
person is the same as and changes (if at all) with the domicile of the person
on whom he is, as regards his domicile, legally dependent. Until he reaches the
age of maturity (which maybe the age of sixteen<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=847673094899760226#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[9]</span></span></span></span></a>),
a legitimate child’s domicile depends on and changes with the domicile unless,
both parents being alive, the child has his home with his mother and no home
with his father. An illegitimate child or a legitimate child whose parents are
both living but who lives wholly with his mother has a dependent domicile
coincident to that of his mother’s current domicile. A child whose father is
dead takes his domicile of dependence from his mother however, unless he has a
home with her, his domicile of dependence does not automatically change with
hers. A child whose parents are dead should be domiciled where the person on
whom he is dependent is domiciled (however there is no authority for this<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=847673094899760226#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[10]</span></span></span></span></a>).
At birth, a child receives two domiciles, origin and dependence, which are
initially, in the vast majority of cases, the same. The domicile of origin will
be overlaid by the domicile of dependence. While the domicile of origin remains
constant throughout life, the domicile of dependency changes with the domicile
of the person on whom the child is domiciliary dependent. The idea is that, as
far as possible, there should be unity of domicile between the child and its
parents.<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Married Women</span></b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 12pt 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Until
1 January 1974, there were three categories of dependent persons; children,
married women and mentally disordered persons. Married women ceased to be
dependent persons on 1 January 1974 by virtue of section 1(1) of Domicile and
Matrimonial proceedings act 1973. This act however, did not change the position
of women married before this date because the act was not retroactive.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 12pt 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 12pt 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Mentally Disordered Persons<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 12pt 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">A
mentally disordered person cannot acquire a domicile of choice; he retains the
domicile he had when he began to be legally treated as such. However, if he was
born mentally disordered or he becomes mentally disordered while a dependent
child, his domicile is determined so long as he remains mentally disordered, as
if he continued to be a dependent child.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 12pt 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 12pt 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">DOMICILE AND
CATEGORY OF PERSONS<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 12pt 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">.Prisoners</span></b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 12pt 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">A prisoner normally retains his domicile. But he can
form an intention to reside permanently or indefinitely: in which case he
acquires a domicile there.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 12pt 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">.Persons liable
to deportation<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 12pt 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Such a person’s residence will be precarious and so
he is unlikely to be able to form an intention to remain. But if he forms the
necessary intention he acquires the domicile of choice.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 12pt 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Once a person has acquired a domicile of choice he
does not lose it merely because a deportation order has been made against him<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=847673094899760226#_ftn11" name="_ftnref11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[11]</span></span></span></span></a>.
He loses it only when he is actually deported.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 12pt 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">.Refugees and
fugitives<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 12pt 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">A person who leaves a country as a political
refugee, as a fugitive from criminal justice, or in order to evade his
creditors, has a special reason for leaving it, but has no special motive for
entering another country nor is his residence in any other country in any sense
enforced. If the fugitive intends to abandon his domicile in the first country,
the acquisition of a new domicile in the second country will be readily
assumed.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 12pt 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">If a political refugee intends to return to the
country from which he fled as soon as the political situation changes, he
retains his domicile there unless the desired political change is so improbable
that his intention is discounted and treated merely as an exile’s longing for
his native land; but if his intention is not to return to that country even
when the political situation has changed, he can acquire a domicile of choice
in the country to which he has fled.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 12pt 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">In the case of a fugitive from criminal justice, the
intention to abandon his domicile in the country from which he has fled will be
readily assumed, unless perhaps the punishment which he seeks to escape is
trivial, or by the laws of that country a relatively short period of
prescription bars liability to punishment<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=847673094899760226#_ftn12" name="_ftnref12" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn12;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[12]</span></span></span></span></a>.
Similarly, a person who leaves a country to escape his creditors may lose his
domicile there; but if he intends to return as soon as he has paid or otherwise
got rid of his debts, there is no change of domicile.<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">.Invalids<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">It
has been objected that person who resides in a country for the sake of his
health does not acquire a domicile. This is because;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">a)
The residence has been taken up for a special motive;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">b)
It may not be freely chosen.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">These
factors make it improbable that a domicile has been acquired. If someone goes
to a country for treatment, he clearly does not acquire a domicile there. But
where he settles in a new country because he believes he will enjoy better
health there may well intend to live there permanently.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">.Members of the armed
forces<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Unless
a person intends to change his domicile, he does not acquire a domicile by
entering the armed forces or lose the one he has upon his entering.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">.Employees<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">If
a person goes to a country merely to work, he retains his domicile and does not
acquire a domicile of choice there. Except where he does not only go there to
work, but also to settle in it, he acquires a domicile of choice. Thus, where a
barrister with an English domicile of origin was appointed Chief Justice of
Ceylon, and he went to Ceylon intending to stay there until he earned his
pension, he retained his English domicile<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=847673094899760226#_ftn13" name="_ftnref13" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn13;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[13]</span></span></span></span></a>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">.Diplomats<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<br />
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Like
every other case, where diplomats do not form the intention of settling in the
country to which they have been accredited they do not acquire a domicile
there. But if they do form an intention to reside there permanently, they
acquire a domicile of choice.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">CONCLUSION<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Domicile is the most significant
connecting factor in conflict of laws. It has a dominating role in family and
matrimonial property law and a role in other areas such as capacity of persons
to make contracts. It plays a part also in the law of taxation.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Domicile
is ‘<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">an idea of law’<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=847673094899760226#_ftn14" name="_ftnref14" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn14;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[14]</span></b></span></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Domicile
of origin cannot be lost as such. Everyone is born with a domicile of origin,
which remains (if only in abeyance). Even when a domicile of choice is
acquired, the domicile of origin will remain as a resource to fill up any gap when
a domicile of choice is abandoned.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">A
domicile of choice can be abandoned by a person when he or she ceases to reside
in a country and ceases to intend to reside there permanently or indefinitely.
When a domicile of choice is abandoned either a new domicile of choice is
acquired, or the domicile of origin revives by operation of law.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">It
should be noted that the most important factor in acquiring a domicile of
choice is intention (animus). The act of moving may occur but most times it
does not necessarily mean that the person <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">intends</i>
to move.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
<br />
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
<br />
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
<br />
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
<br />
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
<br />
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">References<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">.</span></b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Hong
Kong law<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>reform commission report<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">.</span></b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Conflicts
of law, Raymond Smith (1993)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">.</span></b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Google
search engine<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">.</span></b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Nottebohm
case ( Liechtenstein v Guatemala)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div style="mso-element: footnote-list;">
<br clear="all" />
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<div id="ftn1" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=847673094899760226#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 9pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[1]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 9pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>(1885) ALL ER 824<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn2" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=847673094899760226#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 9pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[2]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 9pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> (1965)NNLR 196 similarly held in the INLAND
REVENUE COMMISSIONER V BULLOCK (1976) 1 WLR 1178 at1184<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn3" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=847673094899760226#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 9pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[3]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 9pt;"> (1869) L.R 1 S.C & D 117-441 also MARK
V MARK</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn4" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=847673094899760226#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 9pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[4]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 9pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> (1868) L.R1 SC & DIV 307<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn5" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=847673094899760226#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 9pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[5]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 9pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> (1947) CH 695C/F RE FLYNN(1968) 1 ALL ER 49<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn6" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=847673094899760226#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 9pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[6]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 9pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> (1910)AC 27<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn7" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=847673094899760226#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 9pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[7]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 9pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> (1930) AC 588<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn8" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=847673094899760226#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 9pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[8]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 9pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> 1888 31B W VA 790</span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn9" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=847673094899760226#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[9]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: x-small;"> According to section 3(1) Domicile and matrimonial proceedings act
1973</span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn10" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=847673094899760226#_ftnref10" name="_ftn10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[10]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: x-small;"> Raymond Smith in Conflicts of<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Law(1993)</span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn11" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=847673094899760226#_ftnref11" name="_ftn11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 9pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[11]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 9pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> Cruh v Cruh(1945) All ER 545<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn12" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=847673094899760226#_ftnref12" name="_ftn12" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn12;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 9pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[12]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 9pt;"> Moynihan v Moynihan(Nos 1 & 2 ) (1997) 1
FLR59-where it was held that M, who had left the UK to avoid arrest on serious
fraud charges, had at his death acquired a domicile of choice in the Philippines,
where he had lived for 20 years, built up a thriving business, acquired
properties, married and had children</span><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-size: x-small;">.</span></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn13" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=847673094899760226#_ftnref13" name="_ftn13" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn13;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[13]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: x-small;"> A.G v Rowe (1862) 1 H & C 31</span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn14" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=847673094899760226#_ftnref14" name="_ftn14" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn14;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[14]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: x-small;"> Bell v Kennedy(supra)</span></span></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
Essayisthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14309570131788280193noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-847673094899760226.post-19553933338647494912013-01-09T06:45:00.007-08:002013-01-09T06:49:27.370-08:00The Concept Of Jurisdiction Taking Into Consideration The Various Types<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Conflict of Law Group 1<o:p></o:p></span></b><br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">According
to slacks law dictionary 6th edition at page 816, international law was defined
as those laws governing the legal relationship between nation rules and
principles of general application dealing with the conduct of nations and of
international organisation and their relations inter so as well as with
persons, national or juridical.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">DEFINITION
OF CONFLICT OF LAWS.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Conflicts
of laws or private international law are a set of procedural rules that
determines which legal system and which jurisdiction apply to a given dispute.
These rules apply when a legal dispute has a foreign element such as a contract
agreement between parties located in different countries, although this foreign
element also exist in multi-jurisdictional countries.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">The
term conflicts of laws itself originates from situations where the ultimate
outcome of a legal dispute depended upon which laws applies and the common law
courts manners of resolving the conflict between those laws.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Conflicts
of laws can be seen in three ways:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Jurisdiction:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>this talks about whether the forum court has
the power to resolve the dispute at hand<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Choice
of laws: this has to do with the laws which are being applied to resolve the
dispute.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Foreign
judgement: it concerns the ability to recognise and enforce a judgement from an
external forum within the jurisdiction of the adjudicating forum.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">CONCEPT
OF JURISDICTION<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">JURISDICTION
refers to the power of a court to decide a case that is to render a decision
that will be recognised and enforced by the authorities and other courts.
Jurisdiction can be in two forms, jurisdiction over parties and over the
subject matter.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Jurisdiction
draws its substance from public law, conflict of laws, constitutional law and
the powers of the executive and legislatives branches of government to allocate
resources to best serve the needs of its native society. The first question in
an international case potentially involving conflict of lawsproblems is which
court has jurisdiction to adjudicate the matter.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Jurisdiction
in his broadest sense of a state may refer to its lawful power to act and hence
its power to decide whether and if so, how to act, whether by legislative,
executive or judicial means. It connotes the power of the state under
international law to regulate or otherwise impact upon people, property and
circumstance and reflects the basic principle of state sovereignty, equality of
state and non-interference in domestic affairs. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">More
so, in the case of Commissioner for rural development and chieftaincy matters
(anambra<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>state ) v Ezemokure. The court
held that; a court is said to have jurisdiction with regards to a suit or
proceedings when it has power to hear and determine or exercise any judicial
power therein.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">The
rule as to jurisdiction determines whether or not a court can hear a case. More
precisely, they identify the country or countries whose court can appropriately
deal with a case. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">It
must be noted that the notion of an appropriate forum for the resolution of a
dispute is a complex one and its understood in different forms and different
legal tradition.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">According
to Raymond Smith, jurisdiction concerns the competence of courts and other
tribunals to determine dispute with an authority<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>which will make the decision binding and
enforceable within their own system and capable of potential recognition and
enforcement by the court and tribunal of other countries.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">For
the furtherance of this paper, it will be appropriate to talk briefly on
jurisdiction based on domicile. The principal basis of jurisdiction is that set
out in article 2(1) of Brussels convention that person domiciled in a member
shall, whatever their nationality, be sued in the courts of that state. This
can be seen in the light of the basic rules of general jurisdiction and it
requires a link between the defendant and the chosen court. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The defendant must have a domicile in the
member state at the time of the issue of proceedings or claim form, rather than
its service on the defendant. This can be seen in the case of Canada trust co
vsstolzembrg 2002 1 ACI. Where the defendant is not domicile in another member
state, the jurisdictional rules applicable are those of the national laws of
the forum.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">TYPES
OF JURISDICTION.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">There
are two types of jurisdiction <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">1
jurisdiction in personam<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">2
jurisdiction in rem.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">JURISDICTION
IN PERSONAM<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In personam is a latin phrase meaning
“directly toward a particular person”. In a lawsuit in which the case is
against a specific individual, that person must be served with a summon and
complaint to give the court jurisdiction to try the case, and the judgement
applies to that person and is called an “in personam judgement”.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>It is an action against a particular
person or persons in order to settle the rights of parties as between
themselves. The judgement in such actions normally binds only the parties
themselves, unless it is a judgement in rem.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The basic rule is that, a person
must be served with a writ of summons before he appears before a Nigerian court
in an action in personam. See Order no 12,Rule 1 of the H.C(civil procedures)
Rules of various states.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Jurisdiction
in personam or personal jurisdiction relates to the question of whether someone
from another state or country can be forced to come to the forum state or
country; this is the country where the lawsuit is filed to defend against the
lawsuit. The existence of personal jurisdiction depends upon a sufficient
connection between the defendant and the forum state to make it fair to require
the defence of the action in the forum state to make it fair to require the
defence of the action in the forum state otherwise known as lexfori.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">In
personam is the power of the court to adjudicate the personal legal rights of
parties properly brought before it. The law requires that the court not only have
jurisdiction over both parties to the action. Due process of law requires
appearance or service of process (notice of pendency of law suit) before the
defendant can be personally bound by any judgement in line with Raymond Smith’s
opinion what concerns “jurisdiction” is the competence of court and other
tribunal to determine disputes with an authority which will make the decision
binding and enforceable within their own system, and capable of potential
recognition and enforcement by the courts and the tribunals of other countries.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>It should be noted that mere
presence of a person in the country may confer jurisdiction on the courts of
that country [PENNOYER V NEFF 95 U.S 714 (1878)]. In the instance where the
presence is what confers jurisdiction in the united states, it is referred to
as “Gotcha” and it is a way which court can acquire jurisdiction in web-based
activities where the court obtains jurisdiction over an out-of-state defendant,
provided that when he visits the state,that person is served with a summon and
a complaint (documents that give the person notice of the lawsuit. This was
applied to the case of the Russian programmer sued by the publishers of e-book
(Adobe). While attending a Nevada, he was served with a notice and was
subsequently arrested, it should however be stated that every action in High
court commences with the issue of a writ or sometimes an originating summon and
the service of the writ or something equivalent is essential as the foundation
of the court’s jurisdiction.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Jurisdiction in personam can also be
seen in the following aspects;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Contract<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Tort<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Branches
and agencies<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.5in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Insurance<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">CONTRACT<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The judgements regulation provides;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">“a person domiciled in a member state
may, in another member state, be sued in matters relating to a contract, in the
courts for the place of performance of the obligation in question”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">The first provision to be considered
concerns “matters relating to a contract”. This will include cases where there
is disagreement as to the very existence of the contract, but not cases in
which the subject matter is a duty to contract, but not cases in which the
subject matter is a duty to conduct pre-contractual negotiations in good faith.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">TORT <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">The Judgements Regulation provides:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">“ a person domiciled in a member state may,
in another member state, be sued in<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>matters relating to tort, delict<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>or quasi-delict in the courts for the place where the harmful event
occurred or may occur.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Despite the apparent attempt to pick up
terms “tort”, “delict” and “quasi-delict”, used in various legal systems, the
phrase has an independent “Regulation” meaning. It covers actions calling into question
the liability of the defendant outside the field of matters relating to
contract. The effect of so defining the scope of actions in tort at the
claimant’s option; if the claim arises out of an agreement, it must be pursued
as a claim in contract.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">BRANCHES AND AGENCIES<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Of
greater importance is the provision in the Judgements Regulation about branches
and agencies.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">“a person domiciled in a member state
may, in another member state, be sued as regards disputes arising out of the
operations of a branch, agency or other establishment, in the courts for the
place where the branch, agency or other establishment is situated”.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">TRUSTS<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">There were no provisions as to trusts in
the original Brussels convention as the trust device was unknown in the law of
the signatory states. The text has made provision for trusts since the
Accession convention of 1978, and theRegulation now provides that “a person
domiciled in a member...<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tab-stops: 233.9pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The Nigerian
law and a foreign law holds diametrically opposed views upon the correct
classification of a particular legal issue. For example, the applicable law to
movables left by a deceased person could/or may relate to the question of
administration of estates in Nigeria while the foreign laws may relate it to
succession. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tab-stops: 233.9pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Although
various compromise solutions have been advocated, the principal contenders are
characterization by the LEX CAUSAE. Another, the analytical jurisprudence and
comparative law approach is also discussed.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tab-stops: 233.9pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>CHARACTERIZATION BY THE LEX FORI<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tab-stops: 233.9pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Writers such as Khan and Bartin believed that
such characterization should be governed by the law of the forum. That is,
where a judge is faced with the situation, the judge should characterize the
lex fori i.e. domestic law and the lex (causae) and apply the lex fori that is
nearest in equivalent to the lex causae. Khan and Batin believe that
characterization must be done in terms of law and not in terms of issues. They
assert that the forum should characterize rules of foreign law in accordance
with the nearest equivalent in its own domestic law. In OGDEN V OGDEN, the
court characterized by the LEX FORI. The argument in favor of this view is that
if foreign law were to be applied, LEX FORI would lose control over the
application of its own conflict rules and will lose power.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tab-stops: 233.9pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>However, LEX
FORI presents the following problems,<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: 233.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Arguing by
analogy from a rule of domestic law to that of foreign law can be equated to
engaging in an objectionable mechanical jurisprudence resulting in the forum
seriously distorting the foreign law and applying it in cases where it need not
be applied and vice-versa. In future it may result in a case where the law to
be applied is neither that of the forum, the foreign law nor that of any other
country.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: 233.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">There is no
solution for cases where there is no close analogy to the foreign law or any
institution in the domestic law of the forum.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; tab-stops: 233.9pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>CHARACTERIZATION BY THE LEX CAUSAE<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; tab-stops: 233.9pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">This means that where a
judge is faced with a case, he should apply the foreign law which governs the
question. Writers such as WOLFF, DESPAGNET believe that characterization must
be governed by the appropriate foreign law (LEX CAUSAE). WOLFF, a strong
advocate of this school of thought is of the view that every legal rule takes
its characterization from the legal system to which it belongs. In RE-MALDONADS
(1954), the English court of appeal was faced with the task of deciding whether
the Spanish government’s claim to the movables in England of a Spanish
intestate who died without a next of kin was a right of succession (in which
the Spanish government was entitled to the movable) or JUS REGALE (in which the
English crown was entitled). The court held that this question must be decided
in accordance with Spanish law with the result being that the Spanish government
was entitled.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; tab-stops: 233.9pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>However, this view presents the following
problem;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: 233.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">It is a circular argument to say that foreign law
governs the process of characterization<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>before the process of characterization has led to the selection of
foreign law<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: 233.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">In cases where there are two applicable foreign laws,
which one would be applied and what would be the basis of the forum adopting
the characterization of one over the other.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.75in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 233.9pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>CHARACTERIZATION BY ANALYTICAL JURISPUDENCE<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.75in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 233.9pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Writers such as Rabd believe that characterization should
be governed by the rules of analytical jurisprudence and comparative law. That
is, the judge should use the scope of the law to determine and compare the law
of the countries involved and choose the one which will dispense justice more
fairly. The argument in favor of this approach is that judicial technique in
conflict cases must be more international and less insular than in domestic
cases.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.75in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 233.9pt 397.35pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The arguments
against this approach are as follow, <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: 233.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">There are very few principles of analytical jurisprudence
and comparative law that are of universal application. As KAHN-FREUND rightly
opined, international agreement on analytical concept is a utopia.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: 233.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">While the study of comparative law may reveal
differences between domestic laws, it is hardly capable of resolving them. For
example, comparative law may reveal that parental consent to marry may
sometimes affect formalities or the capacity to marry. But how does it
determine how these matters may be characterized <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.75in; tab-stops: 233.9pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">D.) </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">AVOIDING THE
CHARACTERIZATION PROBLEMS BY IMPLEMENTING THE RULES OF RECOGNITION</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tab-stops: 233.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The problem of
characterization can be solved by the legislator developing corresponding rules
on recognition of foreign acts or documents. An example is found in the
relevant succession law of Estonia which contains a general conflict rule on
succession, according to which the law of the state of the last residence of
the deceased generally applies to succession. Also, under this law a succession
certificate prepared in a foreign state is recognized in Estonia if the procedure
for the preparation and the legal effect thereof are comparable to the
provision of Estonia law concerning succession certificates. Thus, an
interesting solution can be achieved if the Nigerian legislature can adopt this
Estonian model at least in matters of succession. Though by this method, the
Nigerian court might be able to avoid recourse to the conflict rules, it is
still required to carry out a comparison between the Nigerian substantive law
and the relevant foreign law in other to evaluate whether a person is entitled
to inherit.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tab-stops: 233.9pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>However,
the recourse to recognition and enforcement of foreign acts or documents does
not always solve the characterization problem since often such recourse is not
possible, if a relevant document or judgment does not exist.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tab-stops: 233.9pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">EXCLUSION
OF THE FOREIGN LAW<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tab-stops: 233.9pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Because the early system of connecting factors was mechanical and
inflexible, the results could offend a court’s sense of justice. For example,
with the development of motor car, the classification of the cause as tort
required the application of the LEX LOCI DELICTI COMMISSI rule. The French
court’s insistence on this linkage frequently barred or severely limited relief
for French citizens injured in countries that had no developed law for the
compensation of such victims. In BABCOCK V JACKSON, 24ON.E 2D 279(NY1963), the
Newyork court of appeals abandoned the LEX LOCI DELICTI rule completely. Most
jurisdictions were not so radical, preferring to retain the framework of
categories and choice of law rules but leave public policy as the avoidance
device.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tab-stops: 233.9pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This
means that states will not apply “foreign” law that offends the deeply held
principles of forum’s state legal system. For instance, it would be considered
improper to give enforcement to a law that defined the status of a person as a
slave or as in the possession of another e.g. for the purpose of sexual
exploitation.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tab-stops: 233.9pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>However, in cases involving alleged immorality or injustice, this rule
has been criticized as susceptible to abuse, for a court could characterize
almost any statute or rule as being offensive to the public policy of their
state.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tab-stops: 233.9pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>THE
MODERN APPROACH<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tab-stops: 233.9pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Since
the characterization system and the choice of law rule were operating in an
inflexible way, the solution has been to allow the growth of judicial
discretion within both sides of the system. Hence, most legal systems have
opted for the PROPER LAW APPROACH i.e. the identification and application of
the law that has the closest connection with the cause(s) of action. In theory,
this flexibility will preserve an international outlook and multilateral
approach by the courts and in jurisdictions that have adopted this approach,
the results are not unencouraging.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tab-stops: 233.9pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>CONCLUSION<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tab-stops: 233.9pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Asides LEX SITUS which determines the characterization of property,
there is hardly any consistent theory of characterization. In MACMILLAN INC V.
BISHOPSGATE INVESTMENT TRUST PLC (NO3)(1996) 1WLR<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>387,a case which was characterized by the LEX
FORI, the dictum of AULD LJ is instructive;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tab-stops: 233.9pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>“However classification of an issue and rule of law for this purpose the
underlying principle of which is to strive for comity between different legal
systems, should not be constrained by particular notions or distinctions of the
domestic law of the LEX FORI or that of the competing system of law, which may
have no counterpart in other system. Nor should the issue be defined too
narrowly, so that it attracts a particular rule under the LEX FORI which may
not be applicable under the other system.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tab-stops: 233.9pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>From the
foregoing, this may look like a call for an international application of the
LEX FORI, but this may be applied to other concepts too. Characterization
should not be restricted but must be determined based on the fact in issue.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>GLOSSARY<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Forum
shopping-is the informal name given to the practice adopted by some litigants
to have their legal case heard in the court thought most likely to provide a
favorable judgment.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Renvoi-literally meaning in French “send back” or “to
return unopened” applies whenever a forum court is directed to consider the law
of another state.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>REFERENCES<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Themes on
conflict of laws- I.O Agbede (1989)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The conflict of
laws- Morris<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">http://en.m.wikipedia.org<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
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